@article{LCNL:33,
	author={Marc F. Joanisse and Mark S. Seidenberg},
	year={2005},
	title={Imaging the past: Neural activation in frontal and temporal regions during regular and irregular past tense processing.},
	journal={Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neurosciences.},
	volume={5},
	number={3},
	pages={282-296},
	comments={fMRI evidence bearing on theories of the past tense. "Irregular" past tenses such as SLEPT actually pattern with "regular" past tenses such as STEPPED. Hence the brain does not organize this knowledge in terms of rule-governed forms and exceptions.},
	abstract={This article presents fMRI evidence bearing on dual-mechanism vs. connectionist theories of inflectional morphology. Ten participants were scanned at 4 Tesla as they covertly generated the past tenses of real and nonce (nonword) verbs presented auditorily. Regular past tenses (e.g, walked, wugged) and irregular past tenses (e.g., took, slept) produced similar patterns of activation in the posterior temporal lobe in both hemispheres. In contrast, there was greater activation for regular past tenses in left and right IFG compared to irregular past tenses. Similar previous results have been taken as evidence for the dual-mechanism theory of the past tense (Pinker & Ullman, 2002). However, additional analyses indicated that irregulars that are phonologically similar to regulars (e.g., slept, fled, sold) produced the same level of activation as regular forms, and significantly more than irregulars that are not phonologically similar to regulars (e.g., took, gave). Thus, activation patterns were predicted by phonological characteristics of the past tense rather than the rule-governed vs. exception distinction that is central to the words-and-rules framework. The results are consistent with a constraint satisfaction model in which phonological, semantic and other probabilistic constraints jointly determine the past tense, with different degrees of involvement for different verbs.},
	language={English},
	keywords={neural activation; frontal regions; temporal regions; functional MRI; dual mechanism; morphology; inferior frontal gyrus; Frontal Lobe; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neural Plasticity; Temporal Lobe; Cerebral Cortex; Gyrus Cinguli},
	issn={15307026},
	URL={http://lcnl.wisc.edu/publications/archive/33.pdf},
}